Clair to resign. The spectacular victory of Blue Jacket and Little Turtle was short-lived however. The new U. President Washington raised a new professional army led by General Anthony Wayne. The U. Blue Jacket was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville, which ceded nearly all of Ohio to U.
Tecumseh would be successful in combining the mightiest force of tribal solidarity in North American history. Weyapiersenwah ca.
The first sources mentioning Blue Jacket date to his being a prominent war chief, leaving his early life up to speculation. However, Blue Jacket was born during a time marked by regular, bloody skirmishes between the American Indians and Anglo-American settlers. During the s, Ohio tribes previously forced to flee the Ohio Country during the Beaver Wars, a campaign during which the Iroquois fought other American Indian groups, including those in the Ohio Country, for their lands and territories in order to gain access to new beaver populations, were returning to what we refer to today as Ohio.
During the early s, Ohio tribes, including the Shawnee, ran out of ammunition and other supplies with which to defend their villages and lands, and began to conduct a series of raids to replenish supplies. It is during this period that Blue Jacket probably gained recognition as a talented warrior.
Instead, Little Turtle led a small group of Miamis into battle. Little Turtle never went into battle again. For the rest of his life he favored peace with the whites. In his later years he made several trips to eastern cities. On one of those trips he met George Washington in Philadelphia. When the Shawnee, Tecumseh, tried to get all Indians to unite against the Americans, he could not persuade Little Turtle to support him.
Like many Indians, Little Turtle came to accept the whites and even to adopt some of their ways. Logan was born in Pennsylvania about During his life, he was also known as Logan the Mingo and James Logan. His mother was a Cuyaga and his father was an important Iroquois leader. Logan was a member of the Mingo tribe. Mingo was the name given to the Iroquois Indians living in Pennsylvania and Ohio. His more common name came from his friendship with a Quaker named James Logan.
Like many Iroquois, Logan was friendly with the whites. By , Logan had moved his family to Ohio. He had also become a leader of the Mingo people. He remained friendly with the whites until a group of settlers murdered his wife and family in Logan then sought revenge in a series of raids throughout the frontier.
When the Indian forces were defeated at the Battle of Point Pleasant, Cornstalk knew that the Indians must make peace. A meeting was held at Chillicothe, which Logan refused to attend. Instead he sent a message that was read and later reprinted in newspapers throughout the colonies. During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace.
Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relatives of Logan, not even sparing his wives and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This calls on me for revenge, I have sought it; I have killed many; I have grown glutted by my vengeance. For my country I rejoice at the beams of peace; but do not harbor any thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan?
Not one. Cresap was later found innocent of the murders and Logan continued his raids on the frontier throughout the American Revolution. In , Logan was murdered by another Indian possibly his nephew near Detroit. The once mighty Mingo leader died a bitter man due to his tragic personal losses and because he was unable to stop the whites from taking Indian lands. It is believed that the Ottawa chief, Pontiac, was born in northwest Ohio about His mother was a Chippewa and his father was an Ottawa.
As an Ottawa, he no doubt traded with French fur-traders in the Great Lakes region. Little else is known about his early years. By , Pontiac had become a chief. When the French were defeated they were forced to leave the Great Lakes area. Pontiac hoped that the Indians could start trading with the British who moved into the French trading posts. He soon learned, however, that the British were less generous than the French had been.
They also showed less respect for the Indians. Worse yet, many of the British were more interested in land than trade. Pontiac decided that the British needed to be driven back to the East. He formed a plan to unite all Indian tribes west of the Appalachian Mountains into one military force strong enough to defeat the British. Pontiac sent messages and traveled throughout Indian country to gain support for his idea. He found that many tribes including the Delawares, Hurons, Illinois, Kickapoos, Miamis, Potawatomies, Senecas and Shawnees, in addition to his own Ottawas and Chippewas, liked his idea.
Following a final council in April of , warfare began. Across the frontier the Indians were highly successful. They captured a large number of British forts and killed many of their enemies. However, Pontiac had planned on French aid. The French broke their promises and never gave Pontiac the help he needed. As a result, the Indians were never able to capture the two major British strongholds in the west, Fort Pitt and Fort Detroit.
As winter neared, the warriors became concerned about feeding their families. When Pontiac received word from the French in October that they were sending no aid, the siege of Fort Detroit ended. Fighting continued on a smaller scale for several years, but in Pontiac signed a peace treaty at Oswego.
That treaty pardoned him and allowed him to return to his village on the Maumee River. Unfortunately, many whites ignored the line dividing the colonies from Indian lands. This time Pontiac favored peace over war. As a result, younger warriors drove him from his own village. It is widely believed that the British paid Black Dog to kill Pontiac because they feared that he might try again to unite the Indians of the Northwest.
Although Pontiac never achieved his dream of a united Indian nation, it lived on to be used by future Indian leaders including Little Turtle and Tecumseh. He was one of eight children in his family. His father was an important Shawnee chief and his mother was a part-Creek, Cherokee woman. Lauliwasikau led an aimless life until when he claimed to have a deeply moving vision. He said that he had visited the spirit world.
The master of life told him that he should reject all white customs, including liquor, and return to the purified ways of the Indian. He also claimed to have the power to cure diseases and to protect Indians from death in battle.
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