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Travel My Hometown In L. Travel The last artists crafting a Thai royal treasure. Subscriber Exclusive Content. Why are people so dang obsessed with Mars? How viruses shape our world. The era of greyhound racing in the U. See how people have imagined life on Mars through history. See More. Darius brought soldiers from all over his empire, and even beyond. The battle soon became a war of nerves. From that point on the Persian army started to collapse and the Persian king fled, with Alexander in hot pursuit.
Darius was later betrayed by one of his satraps, or regional governors, named Bessus who then claimed kingship over what was left of Persia , and was killed by his own troops in B. He needed to have the appearance of legitimacy to appease the people, so Alexander provided a noble burial for Darius.
Alexander was influenced by the teachings of his tutor, Aristotle, whose philosophy of Greek ethos did not require forcing Greek culture on the colonized. In this way, he would gain their loyalty by honoring their culture, even after the conquest was complete, creating security and stability. Alexander himself even adopted Persian dress and certain Persian customs," Abernethy said.
Wishing to incorporate the most easterly portions of the Persian Empire into his own, Alexander campaigned in central Asia from and B. It was a rocky, frost-bitten conflict, which raised tensions within his own army, and led to Alexander killing two of his closest friends. At some point during Alexander's campaign in central Asia, Parmenio's son, Philotas, allegedly failed to report a plot against Alexander's life.
The king, incensed, decided to kill not only Philotas and the other men deemed conspirators, but also Parmenio, even though he apparently had nothing to do with the alleged plot. According to the first-century A. When Parmenio was reading the letter from his son, a general named Cleander, who aided Polydamas with his mission, "opened him Parmenio up with a sword thrust to his side, then struck him a second blow in the throat…" killing him, Quintus Curtius wrote.
A second casualty of Alexander's fury was his friend Cleitus, who was angry at Alexander for adopting Persian dress and customs. After an episode where the two were drinking, Cleitus scolded the king, telling him, in essence, that he should follow Macedonian ways, not Persian customs. Cleitus lifted up his right hand and said, "this is the hand, Alexander, that saved you then at the Battle of Granicus ," according to Arrian. Alexander, infuriated, killed him with a spear or pike. Alexander took his act of murder terribly.
Alexander's days in central Asia were not all unhappy. After his troops had captured a fortress at a place called Sogdian Rock in modern-day Uzbekistan in B. Plutarch explained in " The Life of Alexander the Great " that he made an alliance with a local ruler named Taxiles, who agreed to allow Alexander to use his city, Taxila, as a base of operations.
He also agreed to give Alexander all the supplies he needed — which was very useful given Alexander's long supply lines. In exchange, Alexander agreed to fight Porus, a local ruler who set out against Alexander with an army that reportedly included elephants.
The two armies met at the Hydaspes River in B. Alexander bided his time; he scouted the area, built up a fleet of ships and lulled Porus into a false sense of security. When Porus mobilized his forces he found himself in a predicament; his cavalry was not as experienced as Alexander's. Encyclopedic Entry Vocabulary. Alexander was 32 when he died in B. Alexander the Great, a Macedonian king, conquered the eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, the Middle East, and parts of Asia in a remarkably short period of time.
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Related Resources. Ancient Greece. View Collection. View Article. Beautiful Babylon: Jewel of the Ancient World. View leveled Article. In February , Alexander at last reached the city of Susa. Desperate to retain his leadership and recruit more soldiers, he tried to connect Persian nobles to Macedonians in order to create a ruling class. To this end, at Susa he commanded that a large number of Macedonians marry Persian princesses.
After Alexander managed to recruit tens of thousands of Persian soldiers into his army, he dismissed many of his existing Macedonian soldiers. This enraged the soldiers, who spoke critically of Alexander's new troops and condemned him for adopting Persian customs and manners. Alexander appeased the Macedonian soldiers by killing 13 Persian military leaders. The Thanksgiving Feast at Susa, which had been geared towards solidifying the bond between Persians and Macedonians, shaped up to be quite the opposite.
He was just 32 years old. Rhoxana gave birth to his son a few months later. After Alexander died, his empire collapsed and the nations within it battled for power.
Over time, the cultures of Greece and the Orient synthesized and thrived as a side effect of Alexander's empire, becoming part of his legacy and spreading the spirit of Panhellenism. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives.
Charles II was the monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland during much of the latter half of the 17th century, marking the Restoration era. Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. By winning wars and expanding territories, he established Prussia as a strong military power.
Philip II reigned over Macedonia from to B. He became the head of an empire that was expanded by his son and successor, Alexander the Great.
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